
[Untitled photo, possibly related to: Pupil in rural school. Williams Country, North Dakota]
Photographer: Russell Lee, Library of Congress, FSA Administration
The Antidote: Resources + Further Reading
This photograph shows a recently built mud lodge standing near the former boy's dormitory of the defunct Pawnee Indian boarding school on the Pawnee reservation in Oklahoma. It symbolizes the cultural resiliency of the Pawnee people to withstand and outlast harmful federal policies of ethnocide and coercive assimilation.
—Dr. James Riding In, April 22, 2023
Map of Pawnee lands, from Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations (National Museum of the American Indian and Smithsonian Books, 2014). @ Smithsonian Institute
The Mukurtu Portal (still under construction) can be accessed here.
The Mukurtu Portal will provide valuable information about Pawnee history and culture, including treaties, government documents, newspaper articles, court cases, first hand narratives, photographs, newspaper articles, works of fiction, and traditional ecological knowledge. With the project’s federal funding ending, the work continues through the efforts of volunteers and donors. For more information on ways to support this project, contact mukurtuportalinfo@gmail.com
More Resources
“The United States v. Yellow Sun et al." (The Pawnee People): A Case Study of Institutional and Societal Racism and U.S. Justice in Nebraska from the 1850s to 1870s,” by James Riding In, first published in the Wicazo Sa Review, Volume 17, Number 1, Spring 2002, and anthologized in Native Historians Write Back: Decolonizing American Indian History, ed. Susan A. Miller and James Riding In
What is History? Frontier Encounters in Northwest Nebraska, Broc Anderson
A multimedia project that showcases the lives and work of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in the U.S. who are engaged in honestly confronting painful and traumatic histories, promoting meaningful and respectful dialogue between Natives and non-Natives, and creating pathways to reconciliation.
No Empires, No Wastelands: Ecological Solidarity for the 21st Century, Hannah Holleman
Dust Bowls of Empire: Imperialism, Environmental Politics, and the Injustice of “Green” Capitalism, Hannah Holleman
The Cost of Free Land: Jews, the Lakota, and an American Inheritance, by Rebecca Clarren
Regenerative Agriculture and the Future of Viticulture: In Conversation with Mimi Casteel
Arthur Rothstein and his controversial cow skull photograph, Errol Morris
Documents and Propaganda: The Photographs of the Farm Security Administration, Michael L. Carlebach
The Plow that Broke the Plains, Pare Lorentz
The Duplicate File: New Insights into the FSA, Mary Jane Appel
The Kept and the Killed by Erica X Eisen
Fallen Women, Federated Charities, and Maternity Homes, Marian J. Morton